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Continuous lactation effects on mammary remodeling during late gestation and lactation in dairy goats
Researchers wanted to see how omitting the “dry period” (i.e., milking goats all the way through late gestation) affects the mammary gland’s structure and subsequent milk production. Essentially, they compared udder tissue changes between goats with a usual dry period and goats continuously milked right into the next lactation.
Safayi, S., Theil, P. K., Hou, L., Engbæk, M., Nørgaard, J. V., Sejrsen, K., & Nielsen, M. O. (2010). Continuous lactation effects on mammary remodeling during late gestation and lactation in dairy goats. Journal of Dairy Science, 93(1), 203–217. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2507
Current recommendations and scientific knowledge on dairy goat kid rearing practices in intensive production systems in Canada, the United States, and France
This review compiled recommendations and scientific findings on managing dairy goat kids (from birth to weaning) in intensive systems, focusing on topics like colostrum, feeding, housing, and health.
Bélanger-Naud, S., & Vasseur, E. (2021). Graduate Student Literature Review: Current recommendations and scientific knowledge on dairy goat kid rearing practices in intensive production systems in Canada, the United States, and France. Journal of Dairy Science, 104(6), 7323–7333. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-18859
Dairy goat doe-kid rearing systems: Farmers’ motivations
and a description of practices, benefits, and drawbacks
Researchers interviewed French dairy goat farmers who keep mother goats with their kids for an extended period (rather than separating immediately after birth). They wanted to see why farmers do this, how they implement it, and what outcomes they observe.
Berthelot, M., Aubert, C., Ehrhardt, N., Baudry, C., & Paraud, C. (2024). Dairy goat doe-kid rearing systems: Farmers’ motivations and a description of practices, benefits, and drawbacks. Journal of Dairy Science, 107(10), 8100–8114. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2023-24600
Diversity of performance patterns in dairy goats: multi-scale analysis of the lactation curves of milk yield, body condition score, and body weight
Researchers analyzed how individual goats’ milk yield, body weight, and body condition develop over multiple lactations, aiming to categorize distinct “lifetime performance patterns” and see how goats shift among these patterns as they age.
Gafsi, N., Martin, O., Bidan, F., Grimard, B., & Puillet, L. (2024). Diversity of performance patterns in dairy goats: multi-scale analysis of the lactation curves of milk yield, body condition score, and body weight. Peer Community Journal, 4, e85. https://doi.org/10.24072/pcjournal.449
Effects of Once Versus Twice Daily Milking Throughout Lactation on Milk Yield and Milk Composition in Dairy Goats
The study investigated how milking goats once a day compared to twice a day affected total milk yield, milk quality (fat, protein), and udder health over a whole lactation.
Salama, A. A. K., Such, X., Caja, G., Rovai, M., Casals, R., Albanell, E., Marín, M. P., & Martí, A. (2003). Effects of once versus twice daily milking throughout lactation on milk yield and milk composition in dairy goats. Journal of Dairy Science, 86(5), 1673–1680. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73753-X
Genomic Selection Signatures for Milk Production in Dairy Goats
This study looks at the genes in dairy goats that may affect milk production, reproduction, and adaptation (e.g., thriving in different climates). The authors used whole-genome sequencing from 58 goats (34 dairy goats, 24 wild goats) to see which parts of the genome have been shaped by breeding for traits like milk yield and resistance to disease.
Peng, W., Zhang, Y., Gao, L., Wang, S., Liu, M., Sun, E., Lu, K., Zhang, Y., Li, B., Li, G., Cao, J., Yang, M., Guo, Y., Wang, M., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., Han, Y., Fan, S., & Huang, L. (2025). Investigation of selection signatures of dairy goats using whole-genome sequencing data. BMC Genomics, 26, 234. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-025-11437-9
Goat 2019: Part III: Reference of health and management practices on dairy goat operations in the United States, 2019 (NAHMS Report No. 792.1024).
This third part zooms in on dairy goat operations specifically. It looks at milking routines, milk quality, how does and kids are managed around milking (like weaning schedules and feeding methods), and marketing of goat milk and goat milk products.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health. (2024). Goat 2019: Part III: Reference of health and management practices on dairy goat operations in the United States, 2019 (NAHMS Report No. 792.1024). USDA–APHIS–VS–CEAH–NAHMS.
Goat 2019: Part II—Reference of Goat Health and Management Practices in the United States, 2019
This second part explores health-related practices and preventive measures on goat operations. Topics include vaccination trends, parasite control, disease testing, kidding management, biosecurity, and how farms deal with illness or injury.
U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2023). Goat 2019, Part II: Reference of Goat Health and Management Practices in the United States, 2019 (No. 795.0822). USDA–APHIS–VS–CEAH–NAHMS.
Goat 2019: Part I—Reference of Goat Management Practices in the United States, 2019
This document focuses on general goat management practices on U.S. farms. It looks at herd sizes, primary uses of goats (like meat, dairy, fiber, or companion), breeding methods, kidding (birth) practices, record keeping, and basic farm-level biosecurity measures.
U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2022). Goat 2019, Part I: Reference of Goat Management Practices in the United States, 2019 (No. 792.0821). USDA–APHIS–VS–CEAH–NAHMS.
Goat lactation research as a gateway for the development of the dairy goat industry
Researchers explored goat lactation’s unique physiology and management to highlight how it can spur growth and improvement in the dairy goat industry.
Castro, N., Suarez-Trujillo, A., Gonzalez-Cabrera, M., Hernandez-Castellano, L. E., & Argüello, A. (2023). Goat lactation research as a gateway for the development of the dairy goat industry. Animal Frontiers, 13(3), 107–111. https://doi.org/10.1093/af/vfad005
Long-Term Effects of Subacute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA) on Milk Quality and Hepatic Gene Expression in Lactating Goats Fed a High-Concentrate Diet
This study looked at how a high-grain diet (which can cause subacute ruminal acidosis, SARA) affects goats over a longer period—specifically focusing on milk yield/composition and liver gene expression related to metabolism.
2013Dong, H., Wang, S., Jia, Y., Ni, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhuang, S., Shen, X., & Zhao, R. (2013). Long-term effects of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) on milk quality and hepatic gene expression in lactating goats fed a high-concentrate diet. PLOS ONE, 8(12), e82850. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082850
Milk yield, milk composition, and milk metabolomics of dairy goats intramammary-challenged with lipopolysaccharide under heat stress conditions
Scientists studied how heat stress interacts with mastitis-like inflammation in goats’ udders. They gave goats an intramammary lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge to simulate infection and tracked changes in milk yield, composition, and metabolite profiles.
Salama, A. A. K., Contreras-Jodar, A., Love, S., Mehaba, N., Such, X., & Caja, G. (2020). Milk yield, milk composition, and milk metabolomics of dairy goats intramammary-challenged with lipopolysaccharide under heat stress conditions. Scientific Reports, 10, 5055. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61900-8
Negative effects of long-term feeding of high-grain diets to lactating goats on milk fat production and composition by regulating gene expression and DNA methylation in the mammary gland
This work explored how extended high-grain feeding affects goat milk fat yield and fatty acid composition, and why. The team focused on mammary gland gene expression and DNA methylation patterns related to milk fat synthesis.
Tian, P., Luo, Y., Li, X., Tian, J., Tao, S., Hua, C., Geng, Y., Ni, Y., & Zhao, R. (2017). Negative effects of long-term feeding of high-grain diets to lactating goats on milk fat production and composition by regulating gene expression and DNA methylation in the mammary gland. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 8, 74. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-017-0204-2
Oxidative status in dairy goats: periparturient variation and changes in subclinical hyperketonemia and hypocalcemia
Researchers wanted to understand how dairy goats’ health and performance are affected around kidding time—especially focusing on two hidden (subclinical) problems:
Subclinical hyperketonemia (SCHK) – slightly elevated “ketone” levels (BHBA) in the blood, often due to the goat mobilizing too much body fat.
Subclinical hypocalcemia (SCHC) – slightly low calcium levels in the blood around kidding.
Both issues are called “subclinical” because goats might look fairly normal while their blood tests reveal these imbalances.
Huang, Y., Wen, J., Kong, Y., Zhao, C., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Li, L., Yang, J., Zhu, X., Zhao, B., Cao, B., & Wang, J. (2021). Oxidative status in dairy goats: Periparturient variation and changes in subclinical hyperketonemia and hypocalcemia. BMC Veterinary Research, 17(1), Article 238. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-021-02947-1
Review: Feeding strategies for rearing replacement dairy goats – from birth to kidding
This literature review looks at best feeding approaches for young dairy goats, starting from colostrum feeding in newborn kids, through milk feeding, and then transitioning to solid feed up to breeding age.
Zamuner, F., Leury, B. J., & DiGiacomo, K. (2023). Review: Feeding strategies for rearing replacement dairy goats – from birth to kidding. Animal, 17, 100853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2023.100853
Somatic cell count in dairy goats I: association with infectious and non-infectious factors
The study investigated the main factors (bacterial infection and other non-infectious influences) affecting somatic cell count (SCC) in Norwegian dairy goats. They repeatedly sampled goats for milk bacteriology and SCC, while also tracking parity, season, and stage of lactation.
Smistad, M., Inglingstad, R. A., Sølverød, L., Skeie, S., & Hansen, B. G. (2024). Somatic cell count in dairy goats I: Association with infectious and non-infectious factors. BMC Veterinary Research, 20, 509. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-024-04348-6
Welfare Assessment of 30 Dairy Goat Farms in the Midwestern United States
This study investigates the welfare status of dairy goats on 30 commercial farms in the Midwestern United States. It explores a range of animal-based indicators—such as body condition, lameness, hygiene, claw overgrowth, and others—to pinpoint the most common challenges affecting goat well-being in commercial dairy settings.
Hempstead, M. N., Lindquist, T. M., Shearer, J. K., Shearer, L. C., Cave, V. M., & Plummer, P. J. (2021). Welfare assessment of 30 dairy goat farms in the Midwestern United States. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8, 646715. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.646715